Last data update: May 13, 2024. (Total: 46773 publications since 2009)
Records 1-20 (of 20 Records) |
Query Trace: Martin JA[original query] |
---|
Quickstats: Rate of triplet and higher-order multiple births,*(,)(†) by age of mother - National Vital Statistics System, United States, 1998 and 2022
Martin JA . MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 2024 72 (5253) 1394 The triplet and higher-order multiple birth rate declined from an all-time high of 193.5 per 100,000 total births in 1998 to 78.9 in 2022. From 1998 to 2022, triplet and higher-order birth rates increased among mothers aged <20 years (from 17.6 to 27.5) but declined among mothers aged ≥20 years. In both 1998 and 2022, triplet and higher-order multiple birth rates were lowest among mothers aged <20 years and highest among mothers aged ≥40 years (517.6 in 1998 and 179.0 in 2022) but differences across the age groups narrowed from 1998 to 2022. |
Gastrointestinal symptoms in 2- to 5-year-old children in the Study to Explore Early Development
Reynolds AM , Soke GN , Sabourin KR , Croen LA , Daniels JL , Fallin MD , Kral TVE , Lee LC , Newschaffer CJ , Pinto-Martin JA , Schieve LA , Sims A , Wiggins L , Levy SE . J Autism Dev Disord 2021 51 (11) 3806-3817 Gastrointestinal symptoms (GIS) are commonly reported in children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD). This multi-site study evaluated the prevalence of GIS in preschool-aged children with ASD/(n = 672), with other developmental delays (DD)/(n = 938), and children in the general population (POP)/(n = 851). After adjusting for covariates, children in the ASD group were over 3 times more likely to have parent-reported GIS than the POP group, and almost 2 times more likely than the DD group. Children with GIS from all groups had more behavioral and sleep problems. Within the ASD group, children with developmental regression had more GIS than those without; however, there were no differences in autism severity scores between children with and without GIS. These findings have implications for clinical management. |
ASD screening with the Child Behavior Checklist/1.5-5 in the Study to Explore Early Development
Levy SE , Rescorla LA , Chittams JL , Kral TJ , Moody EJ , Pandey J , Pinto-Martin JA , Pomykacz AT , Ramirez A , Reyes N , Rosenberg CR , Schieve L , Thompson A , Young L , Zhang J , Wiggins L . J Autism Dev Disord 2019 49 (6) 2348-2357 We analyzed CBCL/1(1/2)-5 Pervasive Developmental Problems (DSM-PDP) scores in 3- to 5-year-olds from the Study to Explore Early Development (SEED), a multi-site case control study, with the objective to discriminate children with ASD (N = 656) from children with Developmental Delay (DD) (N = 646), children with Developmental Delay (DD) plus ASD features (DD-AF) (N = 284), and population controls (POP) (N = 827). ASD diagnosis was confirmed with the ADOS and ADI-R. With a cut-point of T >/= 65, sensitivity was 80% for ASD, with specificity varying across groups: POP (0.93), DD-noAF (0.85), and DD-AF (0.50). One-way ANOVA yielded a large group effect (eta(2) = 0.50). Our results support the CBCL/1(1/2)-5's as a time-efficient ASD screener for identifying preschoolers needing further evaluation. |
Infections in children with autism spectrum disorder: Study to Explore Early Development (SEED)
Sabourin KR , Reynolds A , Schendel D , Rosenberg S , Croen LA , Pinto-Martin JA , Schieve LA , Newschaffer C , Lee LC , DiGuiseppi C . Autism Res 2018 12 (1) 136-146 Immune system abnormalities have been widely reported among children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD), which may increase the risk of childhood infections. The Study to Explore Early Development (SEED) is a multisite case-control study of children aged 30-69 months, born in 2003-2006. Cases are children previously diagnosed and newly identified with ASD enrolled from education and clinical settings. Children with a previously diagnosed non-ASD developmental condition were included in the developmental delay/disorder (DD) control group. The population (POP) control group included children randomly sampled from birth certificates. Clinical illness from infection during the first 28 days ("neonatal," from medical records) and first three years of life (caregiver report) in cases was compared to DD and POP controls; and between cases with and without regression. Children with ASD had greater odds of neonatal (OR = 1.8; 95%CI: 1.1, 2.9) and early childhood infection (OR = 1.7; 95%CI: 1.5, 1.9) compared to POP children, and greater odds of neonatal infection (OR = 1.5; 95%CI: 1.1, 2.0) compared to DD children. Cases with regression had 1.6 times the odds (95%CI: 1.1, 2.3) of caregiver-reported infection during the first year of life compared to cases without regression, but neonatal infection risk and overall early childhood infection risk did not differ. Our results support the hypothesis that children with ASD are more likely to have infection early in life compared to the general population and to children with other developmental conditions. Future studies should examine the contributions of different causes, timing, frequency, and severity of infection to ASD risk. Autism Res 2018. (c) 2018 International Society for Autism Research, Wiley Periodicals, Inc. LAY SUMMARY: We looked at infections during early childhood in relation to autism spectrum disorder (ASD). We found that children with ASD were more likely to have an infection in the first 28 days of life and before age three compared to children with typical development. Children with ASD were also more likely than children with other developmental delays or disorders to have an infection in the first 28 days of life. |
Relationship of weight outcomes, co-occurring conditions, and severity of autism spectrum disorder in the study to explore early development
Levy SE , Pinto-Martin JA , Bradley CB , Chittams J , Johnson SL , Pandey J , Pomykacz A , Ramirez A , Reynolds A , Rubenstein E , Schieve LA , Shapira SK , Thompson A , Young L , Kral TVE . J Pediatr 2018 205 202-209 OBJECTIVE: To assess contributing factors to increased obesity risk, by comparing children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD), developmental delays/disorders, and general population controls in weight status, and to examine associations between weight status and presence of co-occurring medical, behavioral, developmental, or psychiatric conditions across groups and ASD severity among children with ASD. STUDY DESIGN: The Study to Explore Early Development is a multisite cross-sectional study of children, 2-5 years of age, classified as children with ASD (n = 668), children with developmental delays/disorders (n = 914), or general population controls (n = 884). Using an observational cohort design, we compared the 3 groups. Children's heights and weights were measured during a clinical visit. Co-occurring conditions (medical, behavioral, developmental/psychiatric) were derived from medical records, interviews, and questionnaires. ASD severity was measured by the Ohio State University Global Severity Scale for Autism. RESULTS: The odds of overweight/obesity were 1.57 times (95% CI 1.24-2.00) higher in children with ASD than general population controls and 1.38 times (95% CI 1.10-1.72) higher in children with developmental delays/disorders than general population controls. The aORs were elevated for children with ASD after controlling for child co-occurring conditions (ASD vs general population controls: aOR = 1.51; 95% CI 1.14-2.00). Among children with ASD, those with severe ASD symptoms were 1.7 times (95% CI 1.1-2.8) more likely to be classified as overweight/obese compared with children with mild ASD symptoms. CONCLUSIONS: Prevention of excess weight gain in children with ASD, especially those with severe symptoms, and in children with developmental delays/disorders represents an important target for intervention. |
Early life influences on child weight outcomes in the Study to Explore Early Development
Kral TV , Chittams J , Bradley CB , Daniels JL , DiGuiseppi CG , Johnson SL , Pandey J , Pinto-Martin JA , Rahai N , Ramirez A , Schieve LA , Thompson A , Windham G , York W , Young L , Levy SE . Autism 2018 23 (4) 1362361318791545 We examined associations between child body mass index at 2-5 years and maternal pre-pregnancy body mass index, gestational weight gain, and rapid weight gain during infancy in children with autism spectrum disorder, developmental delays, or population controls. The Study to Explore Early Development is a multi-site case-control study of children, aged 2-5 years, classified as autism spectrum disorder ( n = 668), developmental delays ( n = 914), or population controls ( n = 884). Maternal gestational weight gain was compared to the Institute of Medicine recommendations. Rapid weight gain was a change in weight-for-age z-scores from birth to 6 months > 0.67 standard deviations. After adjusting for case status, mothers with pre-pregnancy overweight/obesity were 2.38 times (95% confidence interval: 1.96-2.90) more likely, and mothers who exceeded gestational weight gain recommendations were 1.48 times (95% confidence interval: 1.17-1.87) more likely, to have an overweight/obese child than other mothers ( P < 0.001). Children with autism spectrum disorder showed the highest frequency of rapid weight gain (44%) and were 3.47 times (95% confidence interval: 1.85-6.51) more likely to be overweight/obese as children with autism spectrum disorder without rapid weight gain ( P < 0.001). Helping mothers achieve a healthy pre-pregnancy body mass index and gestational weight gain represent important targets for all children. Healthy infant growth patterns carry special importance for children at increased risk for an autism spectrum disorder diagnosis. |
Annual summary of vital statistics: 2013-2014
Murphy SL , Mathews TJ , Martin JA , Minkovitz CS , Strobino DM . Pediatrics 2017 139 (6) e20163239 The number of births in the United States increased by 1% between 2013 and 2014, to a total of 3 988 076. The general fertility rate rose 1% to 62.9 births per 1000 women. The total fertility rate also rose 0.3% in 2014, to 1862.5 births per 1000 women. The teenage birth rate fell to another historic low in 2014, 24.2 births per 1000 women. The percentage of all births to unmarried women declined to 40.2% in 2014, from 40.6% in 2013. In 2014, the cesarean delivery rate declined to 32.2% from 32.7% in 2013. The preterm birth rate declined for the seventh straight year in 2014 to 9.57%; the low birth weight rate was unchanged at 8.00%. The infant mortality rate decreased to a historic low of 5.82 infant deaths per 1000 live births in 2014. The age-adjusted death rate for 2014 was 7.2 deaths per 1000 population, down 1% from 2013. Crude death rates for children aged 1 to 19 years did not change significantly between 2013 and 2014. Unintentional injuries and suicide were, respectively, the first and second leading causes of death in this age group. These 2 causes of death jointly accounted for 46.5% of all deaths to children and adolescents in 2014. |
Demographic profile of families and children in the Study to Explore Early Development (SEED): Case-control study of autism spectrum disorder
DiGuiseppi CG , Daniels JL , Fallin DM , Rosenberg SA , Schieve LA , Thomas KC , Windham GC , Goss CW , Soke GN , Currie DW , Singer AB , Lee LC , Bernal P , Croen LA , Miller LA , Pinto-Martin JA , Young LM , Schendel DE . Disabil Health J 2016 9 (3) 544-51 BACKGROUND: The Study to Explore Early Development (SEED) is designed to enhance knowledge of autism spectrum disorder characteristics and etiologies. OBJECTIVE: This paper describes the demographic profile of enrolled families and examines sociodemographic differences between children with autism spectrum disorder and children with other developmental problems or who are typically developing. METHODS: This multi-site case-control study used health, education, and birth certificate records to identify and enroll children aged 2-5 years into one of three groups: 1) cases (children with autism spectrum disorder), 2) developmental delay or disorder controls, or 3) general population controls. Study group classification was based on sampling source, prior diagnoses, and study screening tests and developmental evaluations. The child's primary caregiver provided demographic characteristics through a telephone (or occasionally face-to-face) interview. Groups were compared using ANOVA, chi-squared test, or multinomial logistic regression as appropriate. RESULTS: Of 2768 study children, sizeable proportions were born to mothers of non-White race (31.7%), Hispanic ethnicity (11.4%), and foreign birth (17.6%); 33.0% of households had incomes below the US median. The autism spectrum disorder and population control groups differed significantly on nearly all sociodemographic parameters. In contrast, the autism spectrum disorder and developmental delay or disorder groups had generally similar sociodemographic characteristics. CONCLUSIONS: SEED enrolled a sociodemographically diverse sample, which will allow further, in-depth exploration of sociodemographic differences between study groups and provide novel opportunities to explore sociodemographic influences on etiologic risk factor associations with autism spectrum disorder and phenotypic subtypes. |
Validation of obstetric estimate of gestational age on US birth certificates
Dietz PM , Bombard JM , Hutchings YL , Gauthier JP , Gambatese MA , Ko JY , Martin JA , Callaghan WM . Am J Obstet Gynecol 2014 210 (4) 335.e1-5 OBJECTIVE: The birth certificate variable obstetric estimate of gestational age (GA) has not been previously validated against GA based on estimated date of delivery from medical records. STUDY DESIGN: We estimated sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value, negative predictive value and the corresponding 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for preterm delivery (<37 weeks' gestation) based on obstetric estimate using estimated date of delivery-based GA as the gold standard. Trained abstractors obtained the estimated date of delivery from the prenatal record (64.8% in New York City, and 94.6% in Vermont), or, when not available, from the hospital delivery record for 2 population-based samples: 586 live births delivered in New York City and 649 live births delivered in Vermont during 2009. Weights were applied to account for nonresponse and sampling design. RESULTS: In New York City, the preterm delivery rate based on estimated date of delivery was 9.7% (95% CI, 7.6-12.4) and 8.2% (95% CI, 6.3-10.6) based on obstetric estimate; in Vermont, it was 6.8% (95% CI, 5.4-8.4) based on estimated date of delivery and 6.3% (95% CI, 5.1-7.8) based on obstetric estimate. In New York City, sensitivity of obstetric estimate-based preterm delivery was 82.5% (95% CI, 69.4-90.8), specificity 98.1% (95% CI, 96.4-99.1), positive predictive value 98.0% (95% CI, 95.2-99.2), and negative predictive value 98.8% (95% CI, 99.6-99.9). In Vermont, sensitivity of obstetric estimate-based preterm delivery was 93.8% (95% CI, 81.8-98.1), specificity 99.6% (95% CI, 98.5-99.9), positive predictive value 100%, and negative predictive value 100%. CONCLUSION: Obstetric estimate-based preterm delivery had excellent specificity, positive predictive value and negative predictive value. Sensitivity was moderate in New York City and excellent in Vermont. These results suggest obstetric estimate-based preterm delivery from the birth certificate is useful for the surveillance of preterm delivery. |
Preterm births - United States, 2006 and 2010
Martin JA , Osterman MJ . MMWR Suppl 2013 62 (3) 136-8 Approximately one third of all infant deaths in the U.S. are related to preterm birth. Infants who survive a preterm birth are at greater risk than those born later in pregnancy for early death and lifelong effects such as neurologic and cognitive difficulties. The rate of preterm births (i.e., <37 completed weeks' gestation) increased approximately 30% during 1981-2006. In 2007, this trend began to reverse; the U.S. preterm birth rate decreased for the fourth consecutive year in 2010, decreasing from the 2006 high of 12.8% to 12.0% in 2010. A total of 4,265,555 births were reported for 2006, including 542,893 preterm births, and 3,999,386 births were reported for 2010, including 478,790 preterm births. Although most of the recent decrease in this rate was among infants born at 34 to 36 weeks' gestation (i.e., late preterm), with a decrease from 9.15% to 8.49% during 2006-2010, the rate of infants born at <34 weeks' gestation (i.e., early preterm) also decreased from 3.66% in 2006 to 3.50% in 2010. Despite improvements in the rate of preterm births, the total number of infants born preterm remains higher than any year during 1981-2001. Substantial differences in preterm birth rates by race/ethnicity persist; additional examination of these differences can provide insight into potential areas for interventions. |
Annual summary of vital statistics: 2010-2011
Hamilton BE , Hoyert DL , Martin JA , Strobino DM , Guyer B . Pediatrics 2013 131 (3) 548-58 The number of births in the United States declined by 1% between 2010 and 2011, to a total of 3,953,593. The general fertility rate also declined by 1% to 63.2 births per 1000 women, the lowest rate ever reported. The total fertility rate was down by 2% in 2011 (to 1894.5 births per 1000 women). The teenage birth rate fell to another historic low in 2011, 31.3 births per 1000 women. Birth rates also declined for women aged 20 to 29 years, but the rates increased for women aged 35 to 39 and 40 to 44 years. The percentage of all births to unmarried women declined slightly to 40.7% in 2011, from 40.8% in 2010. In 2011, the cesarean delivery rate was unchanged from 2010 at 32.8%. The preterm birth rate declined for the fifth straight year in 2011 to 11.72%; the low birth weight rate declined slightly to 8.10%. The infant mortality rate was 6.05 infant deaths per 1000 live births in 2011, which was not significantly lower than the rate of 6.15 deaths in 2010. Life expectancy at birth was 78.7 years in 2011, which was unchanged from 2010. Crude death rates for children aged 1 to 19 years did not change significantly between 2010 and 2011. Unintentional injuries and homicide were the first and second leading causes of death, respectively, in this age group. These 2 causes of death jointly accounted for 47.0% of all deaths of children and adolescents in 2011. |
Annual summary of vital statistics: 2009
Kochanek KD , Kirmeyer SE , Martin JA , Strobino DM , Guyer B . Pediatrics 2012 129 (2) 338-48 The number of births in the United States decreased by 3% between 2008 and 2009 to 4,130,665 births. The general fertility rate also declined 3% to 66.7 per 1000 women. The teenage birth rate fell 6% to 39.1 per 1000. Birth rates also declined for women 20 to 39 years and for all 5-year groups, but the rate for women 40 to 44 years continued to rise. The percentage of all births to unmarried women increased to 41.0% in 2009, up from 40.6% in 2008. In 2009, 32.9% of all births occurred by cesarean delivery, continuing its rise. The 2009 preterm birth rate declined for the third year in a row to 12.18%. The low-birth-weight rate was unchanged in 2009 at 8.16%. Both twin and triplet and higher order birth rates increased. The infant mortality rate was 6.42 infant deaths per 1000 live births in 2009. The rate is significantly lower than the rate of 6.61 in 2008. Linked birth and infant death data from 2007 showed that non-Hispanic black infants continued to have much higher mortality rates than non-Hispanic white and Hispanic infants. Life expectancy at birth was 78.2 years in 2009. Crude death rates for children and adolescents aged 1 to 19 years decreased by 6.5% between 2008 and 2009. Unintentional injuries and homicide, the first and second leading causes of death jointly accounted for 48.6% of all deaths to children and adolescents in 2009. |
Preterm births - United States, 2007
Martin JA . MMWR Suppl 2011 60 (1) 78-9 Preterm infants (those born at <37 completed weeks of gestation) are less likely to survive to their first birthday than infants delivered at higher gestational ages, and those who do survive, especially those born at the earlier end of the preterm spectrum, are more likely to suffer long-term disabilities than infants born at term. During 1981--2006, the U.S. preterm birth rate increased >30%, from 9.4% to 12.8% of all live births. Although lower during 2007 and 2008, the U.S. preterm birth rate remains higher than any year during 1981--2002. |
Expanded data from the new birth certificate, 2008
Osterman MJ , Martin JA , Mathews TJ , Hamilton BE . Natl Vital Stat Rep 2011 59 (7) 1-28 OBJECTIVES: This report presents data for selected items exclusive to the 2003 U.S. Standard Certificate of Live Birth as well as key items considered not comparable between the 1989 (unrevised) and 2003 (revised) versions for states and territories that implemented the 2003 revision as of January 1, 2008. Information is shown for educational attainment, tobacco use during pregnancy, month prenatal care began, and checkboxes in the following categories: "risk factors in this pregnancy," "obstetric procedures," "characteristics of labor and delivery," "method of delivery," "abnormal conditions of the newborn," and "congenital anomalies of the newborn." METHODS: Descriptive statistics are presented on births occurring in 2008 to residents of the 27 states that implemented the revised birth certificate. RESULTS: There were 2,748,302 births to residents of the 27-state reporting area, representing 65 percent of 2008 U.S. births. About 78 percent of women had at least a high school diploma; 24.5 percent had an advanced education. One out of 10 women smoked during pregnancy (24-state reporting area) and one out of five smokers quit while pregnant. Almost three-quarters of women began prenatal care in the first trimester of pregnancy. The rate of prepregnancy diabetes was 6.5 per 1,000 and gestational diabetes was 40.6; risk of both types rose with maternal age. Nearly one out of four women had a primary cesarean delivery; less than 1 out of 10 women had a vaginal birth after cesarean delivery. About 27 percent of women attempted a trial of labor before a cesarean delivery. Seven percent of all infants were admitted to a neonatal intensive care unit. |
Epidural and spinal anesthesia use during labor: 27-state reporting area, 2008
Osterman MJ , Martin JA . Natl Vital Stat Rep 2011 59 (5) 1-13, 16 OBJECTIVES: This report presents 2008 data on receipt of epidural and spinal anesthesia as collected on the 2003 U.S. Standard Certificate of Live Birth. The purpose of this report is to describe the characteristics of women giving birth and the circumstances of births in which epidural or spinal anesthesia is used to relieve the pain of labor for vaginal deliveries. METHODS: Descriptive statistics are presented on births occurring in 2008 to residents of 27 states that had implemented the 2003 U.S. Standard Certificate of Live Birth as of January 1, 2008. Analyses are limited to singleton births in vaginal deliveries that occurred in the 27-state reporting area only and are not generalizable to the United States as a whole. RESULTS: Overall, 61 percent of women who had a singleton birth in a vaginal delivery in the 27 states in 2008 received epidural or spinal anesthesia; non-Hispanic white women received epidural or spinal anesthesia more often (69 percent) than other racial groups. Among Hispanic origin groups, Puerto Rican women were most likely to receive epidural or spinal anesthesia (68 percent). Levels of treatment with epidural or spinal anesthesia decreased by advancing age of mother. Levels increased with increasing maternal educational attainment. Early initiation of prenatal care increased the likelihood of epidural or spinal anesthesia receipt, as did attendance at birth by a physician. Use of epidural or spinal anesthesia was more common in vaginal deliveries assisted by forceps (84 percent) or vacuum extraction (77 percent) than in spontaneous vaginal deliveries (60 percent). Use of epidural or spinal anesthesia was less likely when infants were born prior to 34 weeks of gestation or weighed less than 1,500 grams. Women with chronic and gestational diabetes were more likely to receive an epidural or spinal anesthesia than women with no pregnancy risk factors. Precipitous labor (less than 3 hours) was associated with decreased epidural or spinal anesthesia receipt. longer second stage of labor, and fetal distress (compared with women who receive opiates intravenously or by injection) (1,5,6). Severe headache, maternal hypotension, maternal fever, and urinary retention have also been associated with epidural/spinal anesthesia receipt (5). This report examines the relationship between epidural/spinal anesthesia receipt and selected characteristics of the mother and of labor among vaginal deliveries in the 27-state reporting area as reported on the 2003 U.S. Standard Certificate of Live Birth. |
Socioeconomic inequality in the prevalence of autism spectrum disorder: evidence from a U.S. cross-sectional study
Durkin MS , Maenner MJ , Meaney FJ , Levy SE , DiGuiseppi C , Nicholas JS , Kirby RS , Pinto-Martin JA , Schieve LA . PLoS One 2010 5 (7) e11551 BACKGROUND: This study was designed to evaluate the hypothesis that the prevalence of autism spectrum disorder (ASD) among children in the United States is positively associated with socioeconomic status (SES). METHODS: A cross-sectional study was implemented with data from the Autism and Developmental Disabilities Monitoring Network, a multiple source surveillance system that incorporates data from educational and health care sources to determine the number of 8-year-old children with ASD among defined populations. For the years 2002 and 2004, there were 3,680 children with ASD among a population of 557,689 8-year-old children. Area-level census SES indicators were used to compute ASD prevalence by SES tertiles of the population. RESULTS: Prevalence increased with increasing SES in a dose-response manner, with prevalence ratios relative to medium SES of 0.70 (95% confidence interval [CI] 0.64, 0.76) for low SES, and of 1.25 (95% CI 1.16, 1.35) for high SES, (P<0.001). Significant SES gradients were observed for children with and without a pre-existing ASD diagnosis, and in analyses stratified by gender, race/ethnicity, and surveillance data source. The SES gradient was significantly stronger in children with a pre-existing diagnosis than in those meeting criteria for ASD but with no previous record of an ASD diagnosis (p<0.001), and was not present in children with co-occurring ASD and intellectual disability. CONCLUSIONS: The stronger SES gradient in ASD prevalence in children with versus without a pre-existing ASD diagnosis points to potential ascertainment or diagnostic bias and to the possibility of SES disparity in access to services for children with autism. Further research is needed to confirm and understand the sources of this disparity so that policy implications can be drawn. Consideration should also be given to the possibility that there may be causal mechanisms or confounding factors associated with both high SES and vulnerability to ASD. |
Are preterm births on the decline in the United States? Recent data from the National Vital Statistics System
Martin JA , Osterman MJ , Sutton PD . NCHS Data Brief 2010 (39) 1-8 The U.S. preterm birth rate (less than 37 weeks of gestation) rose by more than one-third from the early 1980s through 2006 (1). This rise has been a cause of great concern (2,3). Preterm infants are at increased risk of life-long disability and early death compared with infants born later in pregnancy (2,4). Many reasons, such as changes in maternal demographics and increases in multiple births, have been suggested for the growth in preterm births (5). Another factor cited is the heightened use of obstetric interventions such as induction of labor and cesarean delivery earlier in pregnancy (5,6,7). Although it is not possible to know whether an infant would be born preterm if labor was not induced or delivered by cesarean, studies suggest that increased use of these procedures before 37 completed weeks of gestation may have influenced the upswing in preterm birth rates (6,7). Preliminary 2007 and 2008 birth certificate data reveal a shift in the long upward trend in preterm births (8,9). This report describes this change. |
Expanded health data from the new birth certificate, 2006
Osterman MJ , Martin JA , Menacker F . Natl Vital Stat Rep 2009 58 (5) 1-24 OBJECTIVES: This report presents 2006 data on new checkbox items exclusive to the 2003 U.S. Standard Certificate of Live Birth. Information is shown for checkboxes in the following categories: "risk factors in this pregnancy," "obstetric procedures," "characteristics of labor and delivery," "method of delivery," "abnormal conditions of the newborn," and "congenital anomalies of the newborn." These categories are included on both the 1989 and the 2003 U.S. Standard Certificates of Live Birth; however, many of the specific checkboxes were modified, or are new to the 2003 certificate. Data on selected new (not modified) checkboxes are presented in this report. METHODS: Descriptive statistics are presented on births occurring in 2006 to residents of the 19 states that had implemented the 2003 U.S. Standard Certificate of Live Birth as of January 1, 2006. RESULTS: There were 2,073,368 births to residents of the 19-state reporting area, representing 49 percent of 2006 U.S. births. The rate of prepregnancy diabetes was 6.8 per 1,000 births and gestational diabetes was 38.7; risk of both types of diabetes rose rapidly with advancing maternal age. Cervical cerclage was reported at a rate of 2.9 per 1,000. External cephalic version was used in 3.2 of every 1,000 births; its success rate decreased with increasing maternal age. Almost all attempts at forceps or vacuum delivery were successful. About 25 percent of women who had a cesarean delivery attempted a trial of labor. Fifteen percent of women received antibiotics during labor. Rates for antenatal steroids (8.4) and surfactant replacement therapy (3.2) decreased with increasing gestational age. Large differences by race and Hispanic origin were generally seen for the receipt of steroids and surfactant replacement therapy regardless of gestational age. Six percent of all infants were admitted to a neonatal intensive care unit (NICU). |
Born a bit too early: recent trends in late preterm births
Martin JA , Kirmeyer S , Osterman M , Shepherd RA . NCHS Data Brief 2009 (24) 1-8 KEY FINDINGS: The U.S. late preterm birth rate rose 20% from 1990 to 2006. If the late preterm rate had not risen from the 1990 level, more than 50,000 fewer infants would have been delivered late preterm in 2006. On average, more than 900 late preterm babies are born every day in the United States, or a total of one-third of 1 million infants (333,461). Increases in late preterm births are seen for mothers of all ages, and for non-Hispanic white and Hispanic mothers. The rate for black mothers declined during the 1990s, but has been on the rise since 2000. Late preterm birth rates rose for all U.S. states, but declined in the District of Columbia. The percentage of late preterm births for which labor was induced more than doubled from 1990 to 2006; the percentage of late preterm births delivered by cesarean also rose markedly. |
BirthStats: rates of cesarean delivery, and unassisted and assisted vaginal delivery, United States, 1996, 2000, and 2006
Menacker F , Martin JA . Birth 2009 36 (2) 167 The rise in the rate of birhs by cesarean delivery has been accompanied by a decrease in the rate of vaginal delivery and in the use of forceps or vacuum extraction, methods that are used to assist vaginal delivery (i.e., assisted vaginal delivery). Between 1996 and 2006, birhs by cesarean delivery rose by 50 percent, from 20.7 to 31.1 percent. At the same time, the rate of assisted vaginal delivery declined from 11.8 to 6.6 percent and the rate of unassisted vaginal birhs fell from 67.5 to 62.3 percent. The pace of these changes accelerated between 2000 and 2006. | The decline in the rate of vaginal delivery (both assisted and unassisted) may reflect changes in obstetric training and practice patterns, as well as the continuing debate on the immediate and long-term risks and benefits of vaginal versus cesarean birh for both the mother and infant. | This analysis was prepared by Fay Menacker, DrPH, CPNP, and Joyce A. Martin, MPH, of the Division of Vital Statistics, National Center for Health Statistics, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Hyattsville, Maryland, USA. |
- Page last reviewed:Feb 1, 2024
- Page last updated:May 13, 2024
- Content source:
- Powered by CDC PHGKB Infrastructure